James attends special study day to address the preservation of photographer's archives, part of an initiative by Photographers' Archives and Legacy Project.
Present:
Christabel Armsden, Gallery Manager, James Hyman Gallery
Simon Baker, Curator (Photography and International Art), Tate, London
Martin Barnes, Senior Curator, Photographs, Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Stephanie Braun, Curator, Photographers’ Gallery, London
Susanna Brown, Curator of Photographs, Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Zelda Cheatle, Tosca Photography Fund
Jane Fletcher, Lecturer, Photography History and Theory, University of Derby
James Hyman, Hyman Collection, London
Brigitte Lardinois, Associate Director, PARC (Photography and the Archive Research Centre) and Senior Research Fellow, LCC. London
Ian Leith, Acquisitions Officer, English Heritage Archives, Swindon
Christopher Marsden, Senior Archivist, Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Val Millington, Research Coordinator
Mike Seaborne, Senior Curator of Photographs, Museum of London
Jem Southam, Professor of Photography, Plymouth University
Lindsey Stewart, Photography Consultant, Bernard Quaritch Ltd
Kelly Wilder, Senior Research Fellow and Programme Leader, MA Photographic History and Practice, De Montfort University, Leicester
Consulted but unable to attend:
Patrick Henry, Director, Open Eye, Liverpool
Greg Hobson, Curator of Photographs, National Media Museum, Bradford
Pete James, Head of Photographs, Birmingham Library
Renee Mussai, Archive Project Manager, Autograph-ABP
Mark Power, photographer and Professor of Photography, University of Brighton
Brett Rogers, Director, Photographers’ Gallery, London
Val Williams, Professor of the History and Culture of Photography, University of the Arts, London
Photographers' archives research meeting – key points
Wednesday 5 October 2011, Victoria and Albert Museum
1 Jem Southam introduction: key points
Jem introduced the research project and how it had arisen and outlined some of the factors that had contributed to his view that this was an important issue:
- seeing the archive of James Ravilious languishing on shelves in Barnstaple Library
- knowing about the Eliot Porter Archive in Fort Worth Texas
- his own concern as an individual practitioner about what would happen to his work and archive and how his family might have to deal with it.
Why should we bother? Because the work of independent photographers of the last quarter of the twentieth century made a significant contribution to the medium, its educational value and, especially when you put together the work of photographers, to the building up of a significant cultural heritage.
Further research is needed to provide detailed evidence and build a case so that people outside the immediate photographic world could see the importance of this.
Unless there is an interaction between photographers and institutions where work becomes available for public use, then much is in danger of being lost or overlooked. There currently appears to be no national strategy to address this.
Universities have an important role to play in this. So far, they’ve been out of the loop, but we’ve seen an exponential growth of interest in the medium and in photography courses, so universities must engage.
An initial research phase established there was sufficient interest to take this further. This meeting was convened to explore the issues involved and see if there was some consensus on the general direction of travel.
2 What is the case for photographers’ archives; why is this important?
There was agreement that this was an important problem that needed addressing and a range of issues were raised and discussed:
2.1 A separate case for photography
- There was a case for photography being treated separately from the estates of other artists, such as painters, as there are particular issues for photography - the medium also concerns the history of technology
- There is a specific problem of photography to do with scale. Some photographers have many thousands of prints and a national collection would simply not be able to take them all
- The issue is not particular to photography – some artists have a lot of work other than photographic work – Helen Chadwick for example.
2.2 Collecting work and collecting an archive
- For institutions there is a difference between collecting a ‘work’ and collecting an’ archive’. The V&A collects in two different ways: the ‘work’ and the ‘archive’. When they collect the ‘archive’ they are not necessarily that interested in one ‘work’; they are keen to include the failures. However, just the process of appraising what to collect could take days
- Other institutions i.e. Tate, would be unlikely to have anything in their archive, if they didn’t have work in their collection, but they might collect the archive if they held work
- All institutions could put information about their collections online as a basic starting point. New collecting bodies may not know about the online directories, a number of which exist. There is a need to promote them more widely.
2.3 Splitting up bodies of work
- In terms of whether the work should be kept together or split up, it would be possible to have an agreement across more than one organisation/ institution, where one might hold work and another, or others, the archive
- Splitting up of collections is absolutely the norm
- Record offices are the obvious places for depositing much of the work
- Many of the university history of art programmes have ignored the history of photography. It is a chameleon like subject; for example, photography can involve documenting Wren buildings one day and the next be art. Splitting collections up into where things make sense is what interests photographic historians.
2.4 Defining the period/material (analogue, post-war, independent photography)
- Problematic to define it too closely. The key thing is that, by and large, photographers are still alive, therefore a dialogue can start to take place
- It would make sense to focus on photographers who are still alive as executors of estates tend to be more prescriptive
- These parameters are a useful place to start – work that is interpretive/creative, produced by artists. It would be possible to agree on the key bodies of work; there will be some under the radar but dealing with those that are known would be a sufficiently large task
- The British Library set up a photographers’ sound archive committee, where members identified all those who should be included and commissioned interviews to ensure they were represented. They had started with the Picture Post and moved on from there
- There need to be priorities otherwise any action is very difficult
- Institutions are dealing with a backlog most of the time.
2.5 Role of universities
- Universities are potentially fruitful partners, especially in developing their research capabilities, e.g. University of the Arts and the Stanley Kubrick Archive
- Universities face considerable difficulties, e.g. LSE is well-endowed financially but they have no money to show their George Bernard Shaw archive
- There are likely to be opportunities with university funding over the next few years – universities will be open to working with archives (e.g. PhD students involved in cataloguing), though it is going to be quite capricious
- The regional film archives, all of which are based in academic institutions, are an example. It would be difficult to imagine setting up a central archive with such limited resources as are available now
- In terms of the importance of this issue, a lot of the photographers referred to have taught in UK universities, and have contributed to critical practice.
2.6 Other models to look at
- US models - the Center for Creative Photography (CCP) at the University of Arizona in Tucson. Their storage facilities are excellent and they have an interesting collection, including objects; also Fort Worth
- CCP has a very good attitude to the handling of collections. Some institutions won’t allow students, even PhD students, to handle collections – there’s a hierarchy of permission. Much hard work is going on in relation to digital humanities to address the problem of access to collections
- The Lisbon Municipal Archive http://arquivomunicipal.cm-lisboa.pt/), where people can bring photographs and negatives – the shelves are stuffed with material
- Other European examples such as Rotterdam
- Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florence (http://www.khi.fi.it/en/informationen/index.html) – a photo library of photographic material about mainly Italian art (paintings, sculpture and architecture). They are involved in a project with the Courtauld Institute - part of a long-running series talking about photo archives in art history.
3 Issues for individual photographers
3.1 Guidance
There was general agreement that some advice or guidance to individual photographers would be invaluable. Points raised:
- The importance of photographers working through their material themselves – they/we cannot afford to be passive
- The usefulness of models and case studies that would show what has been done
- Advice for photographers is / could be available on various websites. There could be a code of practice or guidelines for individuals on how to get an archive into a state where someone might be interested in taking it. There was general agreement that this would be a good idea. Existing guidelines were mentioned re: inheritance tax that could be drawn on, or made available
- What photographers need to do for any institution to even consider taking their work, at the most basic level, is to quantify and list or catalogue the material with dates; how many contact sheets, work prints etc. Once photographers know what they are dealing with, they have something to bring to the table
- A list could be compiled of people (institutions) willing to accept such material
- Two separate things: photographers to sort out their archives and institutions and others can then decide on whether they want them – such a decision would come at a later stage – posterity might take a different view
- Important that photographers address their archives in their lifetime - this is about donating in your lifetime – not death duties
- It was suggested photographers would need to consider whether they want people to write about their work or not? It could be very expensive
3.2 What material are we talking about?
- A key issue – not all of a photographer’s work has the same status and archives are the contextual material around the images
- Holding on to something because you think it may be valuable can cause major problems; many photographers need to be advised that their work is not necessarily going to be of value
- Individuals need to understand too, that museums are under-staffed, under-resourced and have little capacity: nevertheless they can hold material to ensure that it doesn’t disappear, including into private collections
- It might be useful to create a case study about how a non-photographer has approached this – explore what is the equivalent of a sketchbook / the idea of different approaches – for an archive to include other things that have value e.g. family albums (the vernacular)
- Henry Moore kept his work and archives in a very organised way – worth looking at
- Cartier-Bresson was very well organised, but also well resourced – this is not so easy for others. The Phillip Jones Griffiths archive at Aberystwyth is funded by the Welsh Assembly and has a fantastic system of scanning the contact sheets and linking the meta-data back to the actual archive.
3.3. Copyright
- Copyright is a major issue
- Copyright issues with the archive of Tony Ray-Jones
- Copyright is a major problem with several artists’ (painters’) estates - the concerns for photographers could be more acute. Photographers grant permission for use of their images for educational purposes and on websites but institutions are sometimes seen as trying to demand that copyright is assigned to institutions as well. The role of a dealer/gallerist is to protect the interests of the individual photographers.
- A code of practice could be developed - encouraging individuals to get savvy and demand things (in relation to copyright).
4 Issues for institutions
Largely covered by the discussions above – particularly why the importance of photographers’ archives. A few additional points were made about making work accessible:
- A museum or archive needs to demonstrate what it can do with an archive – how it would use it and make it accessible
- Tate would rarely acquire something without the resources to do something with it. This concern has also made them more ambitious – if they acquire work/an archive, then they will raise the funds to do something with it
- A key issue is whether the families of photographers are interested in money or posterity. In France, museums will not accept work unless they are given funds to look after and work with it.
5 Other ideas
- Suggested one or more project champions would be useful
- Would be useful to involve a legal advice specialist, a collector, an auctioneer, a representative from the Henry Moore Foundation, someone from the advisory section of the National Archives.
- In relation to funding, it was suggested a legacy plan could be set up immediately, to get people to give and leave money for archives
Details here